Opioids, also known as narcotics, are powerful medications used to treat pain. Doctors might prescribe them after surgery, an accident, or to manage chronic conditions like arthritis. These drugs come in different forms and strengths, and while they can be highly effective, they also come with risks. Understanding how opioids work and how to use them safely is essential.
Most opioids are derived from the opium poppy plant, but some are synthetic, meaning they’re made in a laboratory. Regardless of their origin, opioids work by interacting with the reward center of your brain. They increase levels of certain brain chemicals that block pain signals, slow your breathing, and produce a calming effect. This combination can make opioids incredibly effective for pain relief, but it also contributes to the risk of dependence and addiction.
There are many types of opioids, ranging from legal medications like codeine, oxycodone (OxyContin), hydrocodone (Vicodin), and morphine, to illegal drugs like heroin. Some opioids are short-acting, delivering quick relief for acute pain, like immediately after surgery. These include medications like Vicodin or Percocet, which work quickly but wear off faster. Others, like OxyContin, are long-acting and release medication slowly over time, making them more suitable for managing chronic pain from conditions like fibromyalgia or arthritis.
When prescribed opioids, it’s crucial to follow your doctor’s instructions closely. Taking the medication on a regular schedule as directed can help control pain effectively and reduce the risk of needing higher doses. Waiting until the pain becomes severe might lead to taking more medication than necessary, which increases the chance of side effects.
Like all medications, opioids can cause side effects. Constipation is the most common issue, even with short-term use. Other possible side effects include depression, hot flashes, erectile dysfunction, weight gain, and a weakened immune system. The longer you use opioids, the greater the risk of these side effects becoming more severe.
One major concern with opioids is the risk of dependence. Over time, your body can become used to the drug, meaning you’ll need higher doses to achieve the same effect. If you try to stop taking opioids abruptly, you might experience withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, a rapid heartbeat, sweating, nausea, and chills. These symptoms can be difficult to manage, but tapering off opioids slowly under a doctor’s supervision can help you stop safely.
Addiction is a more severe issue than dependence. If you’re addicted to opioids, you may feel strong cravings and find it hard to resist taking them. This can lead to behaviors like using more than prescribed, feeling powerless to stop, or acting irresponsibly to get more of the drug. Addiction can also cause mood swings, irritability, and agitation. While most people use opioids safely, studies show that up to 12% of those who take them for chronic pain become dependent or addicted. Tragically, some people who misuse prescription opioids eventually turn to street drugs like heroin, which is cheaper and easier to obtain. In fact, about 80% of heroin users report starting with prescription opioids.
Anyone can become addicted to opioids, but some people are at a higher risk than others. Those with a history of addiction to substances like alcohol or tobacco, or who have a family history of substance abuse, are more vulnerable. Young people, particularly teens and individuals in their early 20s, are also at greater risk. Women, who often report chronic pain more frequently than men, may become dependent on opioids more quickly.
If addiction occurs, treatment is available. A specialized program may include medications to ease withdrawal symptoms, counseling to address cravings and depression, and support to help prevent relapse. For individuals or families seeking help, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers resources and guidance.
The risks associated with opioids go beyond addiction. Overdosing on opioids can be life-threatening, so it’s important to recognize the warning signs. Symptoms of an overdose include extreme sleepiness or unconsciousness, slow or irregular breathing, a slow pulse, vomiting, and tiny pupils. If you suspect someone has overdosed, call 911 immediately. In emergencies, a prescription nasal spray called naloxone (Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose and save a life. If you or a loved one is taking opioids, talk to your doctor about keeping naloxone on hand just in case.
For people looking to avoid the risks of opioids, there are alternatives. For moderate pain, strong nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like prescription-strength ibuprofen or diclofenac can be effective. Chronic pain may respond well to nondrug treatments like massage, acupuncture, or physical therapy, especially when combined with non-opioid medications. Exploring these options with your doctor can help you manage pain safely and effectively.
Opioids are powerful tools for pain relief, but they require careful use. By following your doctor’s guidance, understanding the risks, and exploring alternatives when appropriate, you can reduce the chances of harm. If you have concerns about opioids or think you might be developing a dependence, don’t hesitate to seek help. Taking steps to manage pain responsibly can protect your health and well-being for the long term.